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Addressing Modes

  • Immediate
  • Direct
  • Indirect
  • Register
  • Register Indirect
  • Displacement (Indexed) 
  • Stack

Immediate Addressing

  • Operand is part of instruction
  • Operand = address field
  • e.g. ADD 5
  • Add 5 to contents of accumulator
  • 5 is operand
  • No memory reference to fetch data
  • Fast
  • Limited range

Immediate Addressing Diagram

Instruction

Direct Addressing

  • Address field contains address of operand
  • Effective address (EA) = address field (A)
  • e.g.  ADD A
  • Add contents of cell A to accumulator
  • Look in memory at address A for operand
  • Single memory reference to access data
  • No additional calculations to work out effective address
  • Limited address spac

Direct Addressing Diagram

                                                                Intruction

Indirect Addressing (1)

  • Memory cell pointed to by address field contains the address of (pointer to) the operand
  • EA = (A)
  • Look in A, find address (A) and look there for operand
  • e.g. ADD (A)
  • Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of A to accumulator
  • Large address space 
  • 2n where n = word length
  • May be nested, multilevel, cascaded
  • e.g. EA = (((A)))
  • Draw the diagram yourself
  • Multiple memory accesses to find operand
  • Hence slower

Register Indirect Addressing

  • C.f. indirect addressing
  • EA = (R)
  • Operand is in memory cell pointed to by contents of register R
  • Large address space (2n)
  • One fewer memory access than indirect addressing

Relative Addressing

  • A version of displacement addressing
  • R = Program counter, PC
  • EA = A + (PC)
  • i.e. get operand from A cells from current location pointed to by PC
  • c.f locality of reference & cache usage

Indexed Addressing

  • A = base
  • R = displacement
  • EA = A + R
  • Good for accessing arrays
  • EA = A + R
  • R++

Instruction Formats

  • Layout of bits in an instruction
  • Includes opcode
  • Includes (implicit or explicit) operand(s)
  • Usually more than one instruction format in an instruction set

Instruction Length

  • Affected by and affects:
  • Memory size
  • Memory organization
  • Bus structure
  • CPU complexity
  • CPU speed
  • Trade off between powerful instruction repertoire and saving space

Allocation of Bits

  • Number of addressing modes
  • Number of operands
  • Register versus memory
  • Number of register sets
  • Address range
  • Address granularity

Foreground Reading

  • Stallings chapter 10
  • Intel and PowerPC Web sites


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Perkuliahan 7