Materi ORKOM Perkuliahan 11

 Superscalar

What is Superscalar?

  • Common instructions (arithmetic, load/store, conditional branch) can be initiated and executed independently
  • Equally applicable to RISC & CISC
  • In practice usually RISC

General Superscalar Organization


Superpipelined

  • Many pipeline stages need less than half a clock cycle
  • Double internal clock speed gets two tasks per external clock cycle
  • Superscalar allows parallel fetch execute

Superscalar v
Superpipeline


Limitations

  • Instruction level parallelism
  • Compiler based optimisation
  • Hardware techniques
  • Limited by
  • True data dependency
  • Procedural dependency
  • Resource conflicts
  • Output dependency
  • Antidependency

Procedural Dependency

  • Can not execute instructions after a branch in parallel with instructions before a branch
  • Also, if instruction length is not fixed, instructions have to be decoded to find out how many fetches are needed
  • This prevents simultaneous fetches

Dependencies


Instruction Issue Policy

  • Order in which instructions are fetched
  • Order in which instructions are executed
  • Order in which instructions change registers and memory

In-Order Issue In-Order Completion (Diagram)


In-Order Issue 
Out-of-Order Completion

  • Output dependency
  • R3:= R3 + R5; (I1)
  • R4:= R3 + 1;   (I2)
  • R3:= R5 + 1;   (I3)
  • I2 depends on result of I1 - data dependency
  • If I3 completes before I1, the result from I1 will be wrong - output (read-write) dependency

Out-of-Order Issue
Out-of-Order Completion

  • Decouple decode pipeline from execution pipeline
  • Can continue to fetch and decode until this pipeline is full
  • When a functional unit becomes available an instruction can be executed
  • Since instructions have been decoded, processor can look ahead

Machine Parallelism

  • Duplication of Resources
  • Out of order issue
  • Renaming
  • Not worth duplication functions without register renaming
  • Need instruction window large enough (more than 8)

Superscalar Execution


Required Reading

  • Stallings chapter 13
  • Manufacturers web sites
  • IMPACT web site
  • research on predicated execution




Komentar

Postingan populer dari blog ini

UTS Organisasi Komputer

RESUME ORGANISASI DAN ARSITEKTUR KOMPUTER - MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL

Perkuliahan 7